A headache is pain or discomfort in the head, scalp or upper neck. Most headaches are primary headaches, such as tension-type headache or migraine, but headache can also be a symptom of another condition. (National Health Service [NHS], n.d.; MedlinePlus, n.d.)
What causes it or increases the risk?
- stress, poor sleep or missed meals
- dehydration
- viral illnesses such as colds or influenza
- eye strain or prolonged screen use
- migraine or tension-type headache
- medication overuse in people who frequently use pain medicines
- less commonly, serious problems such as meningitis, bleeding in or around the brain, very high blood pressure or other neurological disease
Common signs and symptoms
- pressure, aching or throbbing pain
- pain on one or both sides of the head
- sensitivity to light or sound in migraine
- nausea or vomiting in some migraine attacks
- neck tightness or scalp tenderness in some tension headaches
How it is diagnosed
Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of pain, associated symptoms, medical history and a physical and neurological examination. Tests or brain imaging are not needed for every headache, but may be used when the pattern is unusual or there are warning signs.
Treatment and management
- rest, regular meals and adequate fluids may help common uncomplicated headaches
- limiting known triggers can reduce recurrence
- over-the-counter pain relief may be appropriate for some adults when used according to the label and when medically safe
- frequent or disabling headaches should be assessed because preventive treatment or a specific migraine plan may be needed
Treatment choices depend on the person, severity, pregnancy status, other medical conditions, local resistance patterns where infection is involved, and current national guidance. Readers should not start, stop or share prescription medicines based only on an online article.
Possible complications
- medication-overuse headache
- reduced work or school performance
- dehydration or sleep disruption when headaches are accompanied by vomiting or poor intake
Prevention and practical steps
- sleep regularly
- drink enough water
- eat regular meals
- manage stress
- use a headache diary if attacks keep returning
When to seek urgent medical help
- a sudden, extremely severe headache that peaks quickly
- headache after a major head injury
- headache with weakness, numbness, confusion, seizure, fainting or trouble speaking
- headache with fever and a stiff neck
- new severe headache during pregnancy or soon after childbirth
Key takeaway
Headaches should be understood using the full pattern of symptoms, risk factors and appropriate testing. Early assessment is especially important when symptoms are severe, persistent, unusual or accompanied by the warning signs listed above. Reliable diagnosis and treatment come from qualified health professionals and current clinical guidance.
Medical Disclaimer
This article is for general informational and educational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Symptoms can have many causes, and treatment that is appropriate for one person may be unsafe for another. Always seek advice from a qualified healthcare professional about symptoms, medicines, tests, pregnancy, chronic disease or treatment decisions. Seek urgent or emergency care for severe or rapidly worsening symptoms.
References
National Health Service. (n.d.). Headaches. https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/headaches/
MedlinePlus. (n.d.). Health topics. https://medlineplus.gov/healthtopics.html
